同题咏史 各抒其意

浔阳倦客

<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">同题咏史</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">各抒其意</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">——三首咏息夫人的诗比较谈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 47.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: 136.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 13.0; mso-para-margin-left: 4.5gd;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">莫以今时宠，能忘旧日恩。看花满眼泪，不共楚王言。（</span><span style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">唐</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">·</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">王维《息夫人》）</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 15.75pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5; mso-para-margin-left: 1.5gd;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">细腰宫里露桃新，脉脉无言几度春。至竟息亡缘底事，可怜金谷坠楼人。（唐</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">·</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">杜牧《题桃花夫人庙》）<span lang="EN-US"><br/><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></span>三<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 10.5pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0gd;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">楚宫慵扫黛眉新，只自无言对暮春。千古艰难唯一死，伤心岂独息夫人。（清</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">·</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">邓汉仪《题息夫人庙》）</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">咏史是中国古体诗一个重要的题材，诗人或单纯的题咏历史故事、历史人物，发思古之幽情，或“伤心人别有怀抱”，联系现实，借古讽今。而同题咏史则因为歌咏的是同一历史题材，不能蹈袭前人，诗人们往往不断地别出心裁，翻出新意，给人新的美的享受。比较这些同题咏史诗，探究诗人的不同作意，或许还能领悟出为诗之道。下面就三首咏历史上息夫人的诗在这方面作一些粗浅的分析。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">先简单介绍一下息夫人。息夫人姓妫，</span><span style="COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">是春秋陈国国君的次女，嫁给了息侯，因此称作“息夫人”。传说她脸若桃花，后世又称之为“桃花夫人”。关于息夫人的故事，刘向的《列女传》和《左传》的记载有些差异。《列女传》上说，</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">楚王灭息国后，将息国国君罚作守门人，还想占有息夫人，因而将她收入宫中。有一次趁楚王出游的机会，息夫人偷跑出宫对息君说：<span lang="EN-US">“</span>人生要一死而已，何至自苦？妾无须臾而忘君也，终不以身更二醮。生离于地上，岂如死归于地下哉？<span lang="EN-US">”</span>于是双双自杀而死。（</span><span style="COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">《列女传》卷四之七，江苏古籍出版社，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #222222; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">2003</font></span><span style="COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #222222; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">月第一版）</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">《左传》“庄公十年”和“庄公十四年”则是这样说的：蔡侯娶了陈侯的长女，息侯娶了次女（即息夫人），息夫人出嫁的时候经过蔡国，蔡侯对她无礼，息侯便使计让楚文王活捉了蔡侯。蔡侯便把一腔怨气发在息侯身上，对楚王说，息夫人是天下第一美女，比你宫中所有的女人都漂亮。于是楚王寻机</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">把息国灭了，掳息夫人而归，生堵敖及成王。但息夫人在楚王面前，一直不主动说话，楚王问其原因，她说，一女事二夫，不能以死守志，还有什么好说的呢？楚王为取悦息妫，又出兵攻打蔡国。（</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">《春秋左传》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">80</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">页、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">82</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">页，新疆人民出版社，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1995</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">月第一版）</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">历代以息夫人的故事为题材的诗很多，有的依据《列女传》，（比如宋之问的《息夫人》），但更多的是依据《左传》，上面这三首著名的绝句就是如此。尽管他们所题咏的是这样同一个历史人物，但因为作者</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">身世、经历、识见等原因，这三首</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">诗在立意、情感、艺术技巧等方面都表现出了不同的特点</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">王维的《息夫人》字面上是描写息夫人在楚王宫中过着屈辱的生活，精神上极度的痛苦，并表示了对她的体谅和深刻的同情。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">“</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">莫以今时宠，能忘旧日恩<span lang="EN-US">”</span>，这好象是息夫人的内心独白：“不要以为你今天对我的宠爱，就能使我忘掉息君对我的恩情！”这是弱小者对征服者倔强的抗议，毕竟是国破家亡，其内心的痛楚可想而知。后面两句“</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">看花满眼泪，不共楚王言”就更加鲜明生动地体现了这层意思。虽然楚王宫中繁花似锦、富丽堂皇，她看到这一切时却总是满眼的泪水，因为她忘记不了息君的恩情。她总是沉默寡言，不愿意跟楚王说话，可想而知这沉默中饱含着怨愤甚至仇恨。说她在楚宫中这几年的生活都是以泪洗面，不主动跟楚王说话（依杨伯峻说），作者的同情之心跃然纸上。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">但据唐代孟棨《本事诗</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">·情感</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">》（</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">丁福保《历代诗话续编》上编，中华书局</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">1983</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">年版</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">）记载，王维写这首诗并不是单纯的咏史，而是暗含了现实内容，是“借古写今”的。《本事诗》说：“宁王宪（玄宗兄）贵盛，宠妓数十人，皆绝艺上色。宅左有卖饼者妻，纤白明晰，王一见属目，厚遗其夫取之，宠惜逾等。环岁，因问之：‘汝复忆饼师否？’默然不对。王召饼师使见之。其妻注视，双泪垂颊，若不胜情。时王座客十余人，皆当时文士，无不凄异。王命赋诗，王右丞维诗先成，……王乃归饼师，使终其志。”作者以楚王喻宁王，以息侯喻卖饼者，以息夫人喻卖饼者妻，从一个侧面折射出当时王公贵族对普通老百姓的欺凌与迫害。这或许是可信的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">王维的诗歌大多难以编年，同样这首《息夫人》我们也不能确定具体写于何年。有人认为是写于出仕前二十岁时。从《本事诗》中“座客十余人，皆当时文士”看，这或许是可信的。至少不会是后期的作品。因为王维在长安陷落后曾被迫做过安禄山的伪官，（后来差点还因此而杀头）这个经历与息夫人屈身再事二夫颇相类，如果是后期的作品，诗中表达的情感应不仅仅是对息夫人的同情，和揭示她内心的痛苦，或许还要联系自身，借题发挥，也会沉痛得多。</span>

浔阳倦客

<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">杜牧的《题桃花夫人庙》属于单纯的咏史诗，它在同情息夫人并揭示其内心的痛楚和愧疚的同时却翻新出了批评、指责的意味，批评息夫人苟且偷生，不能以身殉国，不能象后代的绿珠那样不畏强权以死抗争。诗的开头两句“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">细腰宫里露桃新，脉脉无言几度春。”</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">赞扬息夫人的美貌和揭示她内心的痛苦，这跟王维的诗没有什么太大的区别。首句中的“细腰宫”即楚宫，从“楚王好细腰，宫中多饿死”翻出，这里似乎也有暗示息夫人“细腰”的意思。“露桃新”用新开的带露的桃花暗喻息夫人的美貌。第二句说她几年来因为怀念故君故国总是沉默寡言，不跟楚王说话。杜诗翻新出批评、指责的意思在后面两句。“至竟息亡缘底事，可怜金谷坠楼人。”“至竟”是究竟、到底的意思，“缘底事”是因为什么事的意思。“至竟息亡缘底事”这一问是“红颜祸水”、“女人误国”陈腐之论的翻版，意思是说息国的灭亡的根本原因就是因为息夫人的美貌。最后一句作者用了一个典故。金谷即金谷园，是晋代豪富石崇的花园。权贵孙秀看上了石崇家美貌的乐妓绿珠，求之不得，便矫昭将石崇下狱。石崇被捕时对绿珠说，“我是因为你而得罪了他呀！”绿珠闻言跳楼而死。作者在这里用绿珠的刚烈、不畏权势反衬息夫人的懦弱、隐忍苟活。不过说得比较含蓄，“用意隐然”罢了。清代的赵翼说：“以绿珠之死，形（即反衬）息夫人之不死，高下自见而词语蕴藉，不显露讥刺，尤得风人之旨耳。”（《瓯北诗话》</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">164</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">页，人民文学出版社，</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1963</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月第一版）从诗艺的角度来看确乎如此，作者没有直接的指斥息夫人，而是通过赞美绿珠间接的批评了她的软弱，从而达到了含蓄蕴藉、词意深远的效果。但从诗意来说似乎有商榷的余地。作者喜欢评价历史人物，在评论的时候有时喜欢做翻案文章，有时翻出来的意思确实让人深思，或诗意盎然，如“江东子弟多才俊，卷土重来未可知”（《乌江》）、</span><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;</font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“东风不与周郎便，铜雀春深锁二乔”（《赤壁》）。而这句“可怜金谷坠楼人”翻出的意思却未必很妥当。一个国家消灭另一个国家在诸侯争霸的春秋时期是很正常的现象，一个国家的被消灭的因素也有很多。作者谴责息夫人没有象绿珠一样去殉节，就未免显得过于苛刻。本来“春秋无义战”，我们似乎不能以后代的气节、民族大义等道德观念去要求战败国的人，哪怕是贵族、士大夫，又何况是息夫人这样一个弱女子呢！周作人评价此事时说：“这实是妇女生活的一场悲剧，不但是一时一地一人的事情，差不多就可以说是妇女全体的运命的象征。”</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">（张菊香编</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《周作人散文选集</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">·</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">哑巴礼赞》，百花文艺出版社</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1987</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">月第一版）似乎也不同意责求她们在遇到这样的事的时候都去自杀殉情。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">而邓汉仪的</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">这首步杜牧韵的绝句</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《题息夫人庙》虽也不是单纯咏史，但也不象王维的诗有“本事”，而是联系现实，具有深刻的内涵，即所谓的家国之感和亡国之痛，道出了明末清初那段特殊的时期一些降清的文人共同的心理感受。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">诗的开头两句“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">楚宫慵扫黛眉新，只自无言对暮春”，说息夫人尽管美貌非常，但因不得已屈身事楚王又不能忘怀息君，因此懒得梳妆打扮，对着宫外的暮春季节，她联想到自己衰暮的年华，只是默默无言，忧怨非常。这层意思与王杜二人以及历史上其他咏息夫人的诗都没有什么太大的区别。本诗的新意和感人之处就在于出人意表、流传千古的后面这两句深沉的叹喟：“千古艰难唯一死，伤心岂独息夫人”！意思是说，千古以来人最难面对的就是这一个“死”字啊，伤心欲绝的又岂止是那个息夫人呢？言外之意是历史上还有很多象“息夫人”这样国亡而不主动去死的人，其实作者的意思是说，现实中我们这些降清的人都是“息夫人”啊！作者为什么有这样的感叹，为什么对没有自杀殉国的息夫人这样充满同情和理解呢？</span><span lang="EN-US"><br/><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">邓汉仪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">(1617—168</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">9)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">，江南泰州<span lang="EN-US">(</span>今属江苏<span lang="EN-US">)</span>人，明末清初著名诗人。入清以后，他因为诗名在康熙十八年被举荐博学宏词科，后又授内阁中书舍人。晚年自觉降清大节有亏，故郁郁寡欢，放浪山水。他的诗遗民色彩浓厚，多反映故国之思。如</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">《金陵续感》之二：“长星炯炯照华林，一片悲笳杂暮砧。商女自弹天宝曲，戌儿徐作陇头吟。江山鼎革时风换，人物</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">风</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">流客话深。忍上劳劳亭子里，六朝杨柳最萧森。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span><font face="Times New Roman"><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;</font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“关塞鼓鼙家已废，乾坤榛莽砚难耕”（《答爰琴》）。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">这首绝句同样也是</span><span class="highlight1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“记载时变过程</span></span><span class="highlight1"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span></span><span class="highlight1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">反映一代兴亡之感”的，（</span></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">王卓华</span><span class="highlight1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">邓汉仪诗史观及其诗学意义》，《南京师大学报（社会科学版）》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">2006</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">04</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">期）</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">借历史上息夫人的故事，表达自己降清以后内心感觉大节有亏的痛苦。这种痛失名节的心理</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">也代表了那个时期一批降清文人共同的内心感受。他们良心受到谴责，非常痛苦，觉得自己罪孽深重，甚至生不如死。比如钱谦益：“<span style="COLOR: black;">故鬼视今真恨晚，余生较死不争多。”</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">(</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">《次韵茂之戊子秋重晤有感之作》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">)</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">吴伟业临终更是愧悔有加：</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">“忍死偷生廿载余，而今罪孽怎消除？受恩欠债应填补，总比鸿毛也不如！”（《临终诗四首》之一）这种痛苦与挣扎的心理在当时的降清文人中是具有普遍性的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><br/><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">这三首诗歌咏的是同一题材，但呈现在我们面前的却各具面目。虽然在用事上</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">都写了息夫人的美貌，以及她不愿意屈身事二夫的“气节”，但由此生发出来的诗意迥然不同。<span style="COLOR: black;">三首中只有杜牧的是单纯地咏史</span>，议论风生，代表了小杜咏史诗“恐流于平弱，故措词必拗峭，立意必奇辟，多作翻案语”、“作异论”（</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《瓯北诗话》</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">）的特色。王维和邓汉仪的诗虽都是“借古讽今”的，但王诗是借历史隐括现实中别的人和事，映照出了当时恃强凌弱的黑暗的世道。邓诗则是联系自己的经历，借历史浇自己胸中的块垒，同时也概括了同期那一批降清的知识分子共同的心路历程。三首诗，机杼各出，独抒己意，决不蹈袭，正印证了“艺术的生命在于创新”这一铁律。阅读欣赏这三首同题咏史诗所表现出来的不同的思想内容和艺术技巧，对我们学习掌握诗歌的美学特征和尝试创作咏史诗或许也能提供一些有益的启示。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p><p>（刊于《名作欣赏》08年7期）</p>

向闲

入核心刊物了，恭喜！

今是昨非斋

不容易。恭喜！

东华人氏

见水平！学习！

江湖小李

<p>难得,也贺!</p>

红叶

比上篇更好