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《香女传》对仗艺术例析

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发表于 2007-7-29 14:28:39 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">对仗<span lang="EN-US">”</span>是格律诗词创作和欣赏的重要标准之一。由于诗词的创作本身对语言运用有很高的艺术要求,讲究锻字炼句,而对仗正好能够在相当程度上极大提高诗歌的表达技巧和审美情趣,具有较高的艺术性和表现力。菜人先生所著</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《香女传》正编录诗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">398</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">首、编首断句</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">副,以五言、七言为主,其它诸体占十之一。传中对仗的数量相当可观,为我们学习与欣赏对仗艺术提供了范例。本文所叙对仗种种,举例(用</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">楷体</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">字,不用引号)均引自该传,且不论及散见于按语、注解中的诗词及对联,谈到</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">古体诗和近体诗的对仗时,也不区分是否重字和平仄相对。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">一、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">词对</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。同类的词相对是对仗的起步。有几类词,它们“对”起来相对固定,比如,数目、颜色、方位等很少跟别的词相对,不及物动词常常跟形容词相对。下面简单介绍几种情况。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; BACKGROUND: #ffcf88; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">数目对,如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">林深三径直,堤远六桥弓。群兽惊皆散,一人追独搜。衣旧不堪经再洗,饭稀犹可应三餐。两条东去西来水,一堵南围北觑墙。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">说的是黄河、长江、长城。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">四毒<span lang="EN-US">A B C</span>武器,三凶德意日盟邦。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">二战中原子武器、细菌武器、生物武器、化学武器,因其英文打头字母分为<span lang="EN-US">A</span>、<span lang="EN-US">B</span>、<span lang="EN-US">B</span>、<span lang="EN-US">C</span>,故名。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">颜色对,如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">医生名赤脚,文件曰红头。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">赧颜无处避,暗角任夫催。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">花间粉蝶纷纷扑,枝上黄鹂恰恰啼。时人青眼遭他白,世路绿灯冲我红。<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">人持绿卡能移籍,他执白条难兑钱。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 1.96; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">方位对,如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">彩凤行从后,青螭出引前。空中张广乐,云外设华筵。眼前标语或还睹,耳畔颂歌无复听。不曾北约停东扩,依旧中华认外欺。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">专名对:专有名词必须对专有名词,最好是人名对人名,地名对地名。如:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">人物</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">]</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">不见荆卿人击筑,但闻汉祖自歌风。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">国名</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">]</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">机群扑向伊拉克,舰队来从美利坚。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">鸟兽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">]</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">一从海上骑鲸去,再不空中化鹤还。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">指代对,如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">呷茶吾解醉,说梦孰堪听?适此士兵羞彼顾,忽其枪炮动吾闻。一朝与之别,千里长相望。昔年君意无人问,今日我心唯自知。吹笛郎行牛阵里,撑船我入鸭群间。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">有无对:<span lang="EN-US">“</span>有<span lang="EN-US">”“</span>无<span lang="EN-US">”</span>两字经常被用来相对。如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">嗟有烟波妨去路,恨无风雨阻归灵。也知世有贪心者,更痛时无尝胆君。关贸有图宜缓入,国资无失且深藏。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">南京大屠杀<span lang="EN-US">]</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">当时血浸无乾土,到处尸填有湿坑。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">另外,比喻词之间也常被用对,如“如”跟“似”、跟“若”搭配,例略。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">连绵字只能跟连绵字相对,</span><span class="f111"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相对的连绵字必须词性相同。</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">昨夜弥留犹仿佛,今朝飘忽转迷茫。穿堂乌聒噪,渐路草离披。依然禽呖啭,莫不树扶疏。寂寞伴平仄,蹉跎度岁年。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">迭字对,即一句中连用相同的字,上句甲字对下句乙字,在同一联中,甲字再出现时仍须再对乙字,包括叠字相对。如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">人伤落木萧萧下,谁解浮花片片愁。空中皎皎月光照,洲畔溅溅江水鸣。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">这两例皆叠字联;迭字隔开了的,花样变幻,使人目不暇接:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">问月问天言自拙,因时因事句还工。田力力田田野上,水车车水水塘边。比完单杠比双杠,来罢篮球来桌球。<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">衣挂奖章身挂彩,头缠绷带臂缠旗。</span>价非实价牌偷印,名是虚名货改装。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p>
 楼主| 发表于 2007-7-29 14:29:38 | 显示全部楼层
<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span class="f111"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">诗讲究省略,一般很少用虚词。</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">诗用叹词、助词则更少,现找到两例:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">及来船已行矣,临去水犹望之。伟矣神仙境,奇哉造化功。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">写石钟山用到了拟声词:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">波来成乐噌</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">吰</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">响,风激作鸣</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">鞺鞳</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">然。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">仅有</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">名词、代名词的实字对有:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">邓昔四坚持,江今三代表。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">以名词、代名词包括动词、形容词居多的对仗,俯拾皆是。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">笔者注意到“三字尾”,其第一、三两个字意义相同、相近、相关或相反,被一虚字连接。如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">旌旗灭复明,车马去无歇。我自桥头迎复送,君当树下去还来。碧水分还合,青烟郁不开。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">虚字“与”跟“和”、跟“将”、跟“兼”,“且”跟“而”、跟“还”,常常搭配。与此类似,七言还有“五字尾”,例如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">枉自人多兼地大,未曾食足与衣丰。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“人多地大、食足衣丰”是并列短语。也有用动词(有的看作虚字)联结的,如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">不堪回首今思昨,且任离愁西复东。自杀每闻巴袭以,相欺终见美侵伊。海为血漫沧变赤,陆因燹播黑更青。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span class="f111"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">虚词入对古来不乏佳篇,或直抒胸臆,慷慨悲壮,或太息底吟,委婉深沉,做得好,具有相当强的艺术感染力。《香女传》中也有一些,诵之</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">尤使人低回反恻。如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">犹记当时曾此想,未思其世有谁知。昔时人要愁难得,今日事看知不需。形枯因与美人隔,性僻为将佳句耽。欲说还休今日事,不思难忘旧时人。自且对之无可奈,他还于此有何期。自谓力堪回既倒,谁知身苦待将颁。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">诗人在对仗中巧剪妙裁,熔铸出好些精彩的词语,兹</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">摘抄部分:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">跳月异乡妹、请茶同志哥,迷彩服、皱纹衫,命乖女、志愿军,油纸伞、汗纱巾,甜蜜蜜、乐融融,处女地、老娘土</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(母坟)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,放牛地、跑马场,桑拿、茄克,超市、广场,声纳、色流,钧天乐、战地歌,超生游击队、综合整治员,镜面、杯身,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">还有些地名成对,如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">砂子</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">堎</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">、石头岗,金盘路、玉带河,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">等等。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">二、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">借对</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,包括借义、借音等多种情形。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">借义的,就是在一词语同时具备两种意义的状态下,作者在联中用的甲义,又借用它的乙义同另一词相对,如:<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.5pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 1.96; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">今容交白卷,明若绘蓝图?<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">但随势向苍天去,凭化身从青海来。</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">蓝图”不是蓝色的画图;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">“青海”也不是青色的海,是地名,三江源头。</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">但看海上生明月,不见天边来汉槎。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">“明”借为朝代名,来对“汉使”槎。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">窗前正读毛选,门外忽传羽书。毛选人人有,胸装字字牢。报纳宣传角,图框领袖毛。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“毛”为姓氏,可三联均没用姓氏来对。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">能令百姓得温饱,何敢寡人辞冻饥。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">此“冻饥”乃本义相对。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">温饱知何日,同康未有年。此还温饱想,他已富康开。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“同康”,儒家者言“大同”“小康”,“富康”为车名,二者与“温饱”相映成趣。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">民乏营生计,谁兴破产风?</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">用“营生、破产”反义相对的同时,又借“生”“产”同义相对。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">彼谋推倒红朝主,此为</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312;">搧</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">醒黑夜民。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“朝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">chao</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”借为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">zhao</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">义,与“夜”相对。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">有的对仗不借语义而借语音</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。借音对多见于颜色对。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">试比较:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">不见清空现,唯惊浊气侵。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">白鸟过城黑,清江入境红。一川碧水清难见,两岸青山翠欲环。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">后两副对仗,才是借用与“青”同音的“清”与“白”、与“翠”相对。又如,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">走急篮忘带,归羞帕悔伸。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">借了两字,“蓝“与“白”成对。<b><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">有的还可以借结构相似的词语来相对,如</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">还是旧天气,已非当日春。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">借“旧天”对“当日”,但读作“旧<span lang="EN-US">/</span>天气”“当日<span lang="EN-US">/</span>春”。又如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">空中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">/</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">一日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">/</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">舄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">/</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">双落,地上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">/</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">五星旗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">/</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">半垂。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">乃挽联</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">“天上望能一日舄双落,人间恨不五星旗半垂”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">另一翻版(</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">舄,指鞋)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p>
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 楼主| 发表于 2007-7-29 14:30:07 | 显示全部楼层
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">三、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">串对</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,亦叫流水对、走马对,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">上下句字面大抵对仗,语意则一气呵成,如流水一贯而下。若上下两句顺序颠倒则不成义,任何一</span><span class="grame"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">句独立</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">起来没有意义,至少是意义不全。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">较突出的情形,删除句中逗号,便为一句话。是单句的有:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">谓此杯中物,解他心底愁。安得手中舄,化为云里凫。多少军中男子汉,销磨城上女儿墙。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">知经三斗坪村地,迁走几船川省人。向称七大旧奇迹,现入一般新废墟。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">也有复句的,如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">教郎返故园,共我营农圃。忽逢樵采女,疑是鹿回头。敢望此书出,能令其事传。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">有的两句看似</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">并列,但不能独立,从正反两方面补充,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">只言一种意思。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">浑忘溪畔待浇菜,只顾闺中看绣花。及出榆关兵站少,渐来辽水矿区多。那知援者变征者,堪笑友邦成敌邦。身遐犹谓村炊作,地近始知兵火兴。来从锦水月明处,去向银河天尽头。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">或者</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">抑扬互致,先扬后抑的:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">待欲行媒蹇修死,徒忧先我有高辛。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">先抑后扬的:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">可不门前三古树,果然郊外一幽庐。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">两句间尚有不同的逻辑事理关系,如因果型:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">怪人无故延其信,误彼几番招我魂。一日书无至,三餐饭不吞。能为旅游行数月,自因考察涉重洋。人见三分气,车过一阵灰。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">(后两例前果后因)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">转折型:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">虽历人三代,仍然壁四空。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">裁军<span lang="EN-US">]</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">此会民虽轻重负,他年国岂免长勤。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">假设型:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">如能相守期来世,直欲孤居了此生。仙芝如可海中税,艺祖不难堂上醒。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">条件型:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">前役寇无退,此恩儿有蒙?须知偕汝意,还欲遁吾身。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">递进</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">型</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312;">不独夜围篝火舞,更兼日对竹楼歌。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">一听南海同行坠,再叹中华异族凌。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">承接</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">型</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的更多,有动作的延续,有时空的流转,有相应的举措,有变更的状态,等等,例如:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">[</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">风筝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">]</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">才向风中放,便冲云外飞。偶作回头望,犹惊举臂挥。渐看三月来,倏已半年过。生为新一代,熟读老三篇。但看此时去,不知何日归。人既有兵款关入,我能无兵出关迎?一日军中召,两人村外分。先自江西赴广西,转自云南赴越南。才自破街驱陋巷,又从市井逐城郊。促成联共势,奠定灭倭功。来者心肠黑,当之血肉红。世人相战罢,天地复归初。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">问答对,此种对法,以一问一答方式为之。问语不一定要求回答,答语也不可过于直率,须把诗意荡开,方能显出含蓄与蕴藉。如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">何以大中专,总为劳动课。谁引万人临锦水,我先百舸逐诗翁。黄土垅中何岁月,红楼梦里好春秋。空袭南联身有闲?地平北约意无足。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">逆挽对,此种对法,上句叙述现在情况,下句则追溯往事,以使全联意思更加完整。多用于怀旧,以古况今,故多感慨。古人云:<span lang="EN-US">“</span>对句用逆挽法,诗中得此一联,便化板滞为跳脱<span lang="EN-US">”</span>。如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">此日佩枪者,当年投笔人。今忽作仇敌,昔曾为睦邻。今行已改鹧鸪惊,昨返犹闻</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">鳱</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">鹊现。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p></p>
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使用道具 举报

 楼主| 发表于 2007-7-29 14:30:32 | 显示全部楼层
<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">四、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">扇对</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,又称隔句对,第一与第三句对,第二与第四句对。如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">能学新丰一老叟,折臂怯往云南征?应学山东一年少,请缨自往南越行。彼事未听清,谓我未言明;彼事未言明,谓我未听清。粮产早翻倍,非徒壁上观。粮款迟难兑,仍是纸上欢。卿非吹笛石崇妾,何效绿珠坠翠楼?我非惧母庐江吏,卿是兰芝赴碧流。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">另有章对者,如《采桑子》词之上下阕相对:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">三迎三送皆春日,昔者今辰;昔者今辰,桃李花香处处闻。三迎三送皆滨水,桥堍河津;桥堍河津,杨柳风轻在在新。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“昔者今辰”“桥堍河津”又句中自对。香女与水生多次赠答,如《舟行近村,舍舟<u style="text-underline: wave;">搭车</u>(蹬车)而归兼<u style="text-underline: wave;">赠阿水</u>(答香儿)》:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">陌上桃花开正乱,江边杨柳折初断。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">……</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">陌上桃花开且落,江边杨柳折还生。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">……</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">又有鼎足对者,如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">曰其婆,农村妪。曰其娘,农村妇。曰其人,农村孺。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">五、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">自对</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,也称</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">当句对、句中对、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">句中自对,上下句同位置并联的字或词于句中自对。如:<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">昔忍身游斗,今欣帽摘除。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">游自对斗,摘自对除,都是动词。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">人敢觑房车,我羞探老小。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">房自对车,老自对小,都是名词。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">不羡西施随范蠡,欲邀织女诣牵牛。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">前句人名自对,后句星名自对。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">龙蛇日斗争,杀戮成今古。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">在本联,龙蛇、斗争、杀戮、今古均自对,区别开来,“龙蛇”“今古”为实字,而“斗争”“杀戮”为虚字,如此相对,称为<span lang="EN-US">“</span>虚实对<span lang="EN-US">”</span>,亦有以<span lang="EN-US">“</span>交股对<span lang="EN-US">”</span>目之者。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">古人来者难吾见,北骛南驰空尔过。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“古人来者”、“北骛南驰”自对。(陈子昂句:前不见古人,后不见来者。)<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">彭蠡湖宽仍是窄,瞿塘峡涩未为湍。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“宽”与“窄”、“涩”与“湍”自对。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">背对羞相向,千呼不一回。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">“背对”自对“相向”。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">绿衣染作大红褂,长裤炸成超短裙。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">此联妙在“大”“超”二字上,不妨看作“绿衣、大红褂”“长裤、超短裙”自对,字数不相同,又如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">暂抑工商先重教,多蠲赋税少投资。今朝于此明于彼,户口在身家在船。夫补破船儿补网,妻烧淡饭女烧茶。</span><span class="f111"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">前述之“迭字对”同时也是“自对”,是迭字对与自对的结合,后两联即可看出。又,</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">后联用的“互文”辞格。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">自对,不但可以解决在某些词语求对时遇到的困难,上下句可不相对,只要在本句中自对,而且可使较长的联对(多句联或长联),</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“方板中求活<span lang="EN-US">”</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,产生抑扬顿挫的音律效果。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p></p>
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 楼主| 发表于 2007-7-29 14:30:53 | 显示全部楼层
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">六、</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">蹉对</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,又名错综对、交股对,对应词位置不同,参差为对。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">主要是解决因平仄不调而采用的补救手法。抽换词面的如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">令子之边界,此妮垂泪痕。令郎征越去,此女在家烦。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">交蹉语次的如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">运河千里走京杭,万里长城御羯羌。重耳来时河上誓,祖生济处指江心。初如瓶颈狭,忽豁似天穹。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">如果是“初如瓶颈狭,忽似天穹豁”,在意思上是很工整的对仗,文理上同样通顺,因为迁就平仄,而颠倒错综相对了。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">敌如潮水冲吾阵,吾似丘坻困敌行。汝不嫌吾陋,吾须恨汝真。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">将一组重字於两句中交互使用,互易其位。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">句法“倒装”的如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">竖浪射无愚者箭,横流漂有勇夫</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">舠</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">顺读是:射竖浪无愚者箭,漂横流有勇夫舠。如果不注意是倒装句,就很费解了。又如:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">浮舟我欲辞危岸,拾翠人惊入杳冥。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“我”“人”都作主语,却嵌在句中。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">句读异常也会使得对仗错综复杂。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">如</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">咏黄河联</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">上下五千年可断?纵横一万里无回。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">节奏为“二三二”或上五下二式。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">风雨雪时时笔走,国家己事事诗谈。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">节奏为“三二二”,或上三下四句式。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">劳动局推工业局,裁缝针对麦芒针。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">节奏为“三一三”,“三三”自对。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">殷怜流血斑斑迹,青惜遭笞累累痕。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">上二下五式,“殷、青”前置,突出惨状。 须知以上所举字词的措置,与现在的语序不太一致,古人并不一定也这样认为。从另一种角度讲,本来可以用整齐匀称的句式来表达的,错综使对仗整齐而不呆板,错落而不杂乱,充分显示语言的灵活多样,丰富多彩。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">以上对几种对仗作了简要的介绍,</span><span class="f111"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">其中有交叉和重叠的地方,以及它们的</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">综合运用,限于篇幅,未能谈及。最后强调,应根据内容具体安排是否要属对,并非一味作“对”才好。编首断句全用对仗,五言排律《赠水父》、《答柳公》各为五十韵,只尾联不用对仗。不少对仗用在首联或尾联,全用对仗(俗称富对)的律诗有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">首,尚有其它全用对的,如六绝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">首。也有少用或不用的,如五言《代书诗寄小白》五十韵、《叹香儿》二十韵</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">和</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">七言</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">《绣帕</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">定情》十六韵。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; COLOR: black; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p></p>
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